The bibliography is a list of all material you consulted for your project, even if you did not cite it in your text. If you are using endnotes instead of footnotes, your list will appear as it does in the example above, but on a separate sheet at the end of your essay, before your bibliography. Because footnotes and endnotes are meant to reflect the location of your evidence, they can contain the citation information for more than one source. Number your notes sequentially throughout the entire paper, and match the citation to the corresponding number in the footnote/endnote location.įootnotes and endnotes tell readers exactly where you found specific information. To create a footnote or endnote, use a superscript. Footnotes are placed in the footer section of each page, while endnotes are placed in a separate section directly following your text but preceding your bibliography. Check with your discipline to see if footnotes or endnotes are preferred. Where that is not the case, the short form should include the issue number in addition to the volume number (i.e., “63 (2): 225”).Insert a footnote or an endnote when you use a direct quote, paraphrase information, or need to add further explanation to your text. The page numbering for Economic Development and Cultural Change is continuous throughout a single volume. Rosenblum, Economic Development and Cultural Change 63:225. Rosenblum, “Female Mortality in India,” 225.ģ. Daniel Rosenblum, “Unintended Consequences of Women’s Inheritance Rights on Female Mortality in India,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 63, no. In the absence of a full bibliography, however, the journal title, volume number, and page number(s) may prove more helpful guides to the source.ġ. On subsequent references to journal articles, the author’s last name and the main title of the article (often shortened) are most commonly used. MORE INFORMATION ON JOURNAL ARTICLES SEE ( 14.185). Schwartz, “Nationals and Nationalism,” 138.Ħ. Clarke (New York: Citadel Press, 1964).ĥ. Ernest Kaiser, “The Literature of Harlem,” in Harlem: A Community in Transition, ed. Schwartz, “Nationals and Nationalism: Adultery in the House of David,” Critical Inquiry 19, no. Morley, Poverty and Inequality in Latin America: The Impact of Adjustment and Recovery (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 24–25.Ģ. For short titles for articles, see ( 14.185).ġ. For more on authors’ names, see ( 14.32). The most common short form consists of the last name of the author and the main title of the work cited, usually shortened if more than four words, as in examples 4–6 below. To reduce the bulk of documentation in scholarly works that use footnotes or endnotes, subsequent citations of sources already given in full should be shortened whenever possible
The use of ibid. is now discouraged in favor of shortened citations.
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